Plant Cell Physiol 33:1215–1223Īkhilesh KY, Alka S, Saroj KJ, Poonam K, Amita P, Girdhar KP (2015) A rice tonoplastic calcium exchanger, OsCCX2 mediates Ca 2+/cation transport in yeast. The increased copy numbers of genes and divergences in expression might have contributed to the divergent functions of CaCAs protein, allowing plants to cope with environmental stresses and adapt to a larger number of ecological niches.Īdams P, Thomas JC, Vernon DM, Bohnert HJ, Jensen RG (1992) Distinct cellular and organismic responses to salt stress. This study indicates a possible evolutionary scheme for cation transport and illustrates distinct fates and a mechanism for the evolution of gene duplicates.
CaCAs genes in salt-tolerant species tended to inherit the expression characteristics of their most recent common ancestral genes, with conservative ion-response expression. Phenotype of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants showed that loss of genes with a greater tendency to be retained after duplication resulted in more severe growth deficiency. Tissue and ion-response expression analyses revealed that CaCAs genes with more highly differentiated expression patterns are more likely to be retained as duplicates than those with more conserved expression profiles. The gene duplication events were probably the result of whole-genome duplication (WGD) in plants and might have led to functional divergence. The tendency of duplication retention differs between families and gene clades. We analyzed the molecular evolution progress of the family through comparative genomics and phylogenetics of CaCAs genes from plants and animals, grouping these genes into several families and clades, and identified multiple gene duplication retention events, particularly in the CAX (H +/cation exchanger), CCX (cation/Ca 2+ exchanger), and NCL (Na +/Ca 2+ exchanger-like) families. The Ca 2+/cation antiporters superfamily (CaCAs) is an ancient and widespread family of ion-coupled cation transporters found in all kingdoms of life. Plants and animals face different environmental stresses but share conserved Ca 2+ signaling pathways, such as Ca 2+/Cation transport.
Plant CaCA superfamily genes with higher tendency to retain after WGD are more geneĮxpression and function differentiated in ion-response.
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